谢谢！

获益匪浅！

 马老师讲解的非常好,译文如下:Paraneoplastic syndromes are diseases caused indirectly by the presence of malignancy. 副肿瘤综合征是由恶性肿瘤间接引起的一种病征。They are the results of hormones or cytokines elaborated by cancer cells, or of the body's immune response to cancer cells.是由癌细胞产生的激素或细胞激酶升高造成，或因机体对癌细胞的免疫反应所致。 Sometimes, paraneoplastic syndromes are the first signs of cancer (i.e., before the cancer is diagnosed).有时副肿瘤综合征是肿瘤的首发症状，发现肿瘤之前，先出现了副肿瘤综合征。The types of cancer involved are not disease-specific. 肿瘤的类型并非特定的， Lung (both small cell and non-small cell types), ovarian and breast cancers are the common offenders, but cancers of many other organs have been reported.肺的小细胞癌和非小细胞癌都可引起副肿瘤综合征，卵巢和乳腺癌也可引起，其它部位的恶性肿瘤引起副肿瘤综合征也有报告。There are four categories of paraneoplastic syndromes - hematological, neurological, mucocutaneous, and endocrine/metabolic. 副肿瘤综合征累及四个系统，造血系统，神经系统，粘膜皮肤和内分泌和代谢系统。Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes may affect the central and/or the peripheral nervous systems.可累及神经系统的中枢神经和周围神经， Many neurological paraneoplastic syndromes or disorders are caused by autoimmune mechanisms, with cancer-induced circulating autoantibodies directed against functional components at various parts of our nervous system. 许多神经系统的副肿瘤综合征可因免疫机制引发，癌细胞产生的自体免疫抗体进入血液，直接作用于不同部位的功能性神经组织。These functional elements include neurons and proteins on cellular surface. 这些功能性神经组织包括神经元和神经元表面的蛋白。Depending on their locations and functions, different neurological disorders arise. 因受累部位和功能不同副肿瘤综合征的病征也不同。 Some examples are listed below. 具体例子如下： 

1. Limbic system (hippocampus/medial temporal cortex) - seizures, acute or subacute dementia (limbic encephalitis)

 1、边缘系受累（海马/中颞叶皮质），引起眩晕，急性或亚急性的痴呆（边缘性脑炎）。

2. Brainstem - cranial nerve palsy, seizures, sudden death (brainstem encephalitis)

 2、脑干受累-，引起颅神经麻痹，眩晕，突然死亡（脑干脑炎）。

3. Cerebellar Purkinje cells - ataxia (cerebellitis)

 3、小脑Purkinje细胞受累：共济失调（小脑炎）。

4. Spinal cord - pain and weakness (myelitis)

 4、脊髓受累：疼痛和软弱无力（脊髓炎）

5. Posterior root ganglia - pain and numbness (ganglionitis and sensory neuropathy)

 5、脊髓后根神经节受累：疼痛和麻木（神经节炎和感觉性神经病）

6. Myelin sheaths of nerve fibers - numbness and weakness (demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy)

 6、神经纤维髓鞘受累：麻木和软弱无力（脱髓鞘性感觉运动多神经病变）

7. Calcium channel at neuromuscular junction - muscle weakness (Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome)

 7、神经肌肉联接Calcium channel受累：肌软弱无力（肌无力综合征）

8. Voltage-gated potassium channel on neurons - persistent muscular contraction (neuromyotonia), excessive sweating, sleep disorder, memory loss, hallucinations and delusions

 8、神经元的Voltage-gated potassium channel受累：持续性肌肉收缩（神经性肌痛），过度出汗，睡眠障碍，记意丧失，幻觉和幻想。

9. Endothelial cells in skeletal muscle and dermis - skin rashes and muscle weakness with inflammation (dermatomyositis)

 9、横纹骨和皮肤的血管内皮细胞受累：皮肤红斑和肌无力伴炎症（皮肌炎）

From the list above, it is not difficult to realize that manifestations of paraneoplastic neurological disorders vary from case to case and often mislead clinicians. 综上所述，认识副肿瘤综合征的神经系统病变并不难，但是因人而已，差异很大，临床经常误诊。Since circulating autoantibodies are often present in the serum of these patients, screening for them may occasionally be diagnostic. 患者的血中常常含有自身抗体，筛查偶尔也可确诊。However, only a portion of targeted cells and proteins has been characterized so screening results are often false negative.但是，因蛋白和靶细胞的部位十分特殊，筛查常为阴性。 Biopsy of tissue before death is often non-diagnostic since pathology is non-specific and often very focal. 病理改变是非特异性的，局灶性的，生前活检经常不能确诊，Often the final diagnosis is rendered by a complete autopsy. 多数经尸检确诊。Fortunately, empiric (but expensive) therapy with plasmapheresis and/or IVIg may result in dramatic alleviation of the symptoms and, if implemented early, may even promise partial functional recovery. 幸运的是，用plasmapheresis and/or IVIg治疗的早，可以明显的减轻症状，恢复部分功能。A high index of clinical suspicion, thorough oncologic workup, and complete resection, effective radiation therapy or chemotherapy of the cancer found often is curative for the associated paraneoplastic syndrome.如果临床高度可疑并且发现了肿瘤，完全切除肿瘤，或有效放疗，化疗，可以治愈副肿瘤综合征

Paraneoplastic syndromes are diseases caused indirectly by the presence of malignancy. They are the results of hormones or cytokines elaborated by cancer cells, or of the body's immune response to cancer cells. Sometimes, paraneoplastic syndromes are the first signs of cancer (i.e., before the cancer is diagnosed). The types of cancer involved are not disease-specific. Lung (both small cell and non-small cell types), ovarian and breast cancers are the common offenders, but cancers of many other organs have been reported.

There are four categories of paraneoplastic syndromes - hematological, neurological, mucocutaneous, and endocrine/metabolic. Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes may affect the central and/or the peripheral nervous systems. Many neurological paraneoplastic syndromes or disorders are caused by autoimmune mechanisms, with cancer-induced circulating autoantibodies directed against functional components at various parts of our nervous system. These functional elements include neurons and proteins on cellular surface. Depending on their locations and functions, different neurological disorders arise. Some examples are listed below.

1. Limbic system (hippocampus/medial temporal cortex) - seizures, acute or subacute dementia (limbic encephalitis)

2. Brainstem - cranial nerve palsy, seizures, sudden death (brainstem encephalitis)

3. Cerebellar Purkinje cells - ataxia (cerebellitis)

4. Spinal cord - pain and weakness (myelitis)

5. Posterior root ganglia - pain and numbness (ganglionitis and sensory neuropathy)

6. Myelin sheaths of nerve fibers - numbness and weakness (demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy)

7. Calcium channel at neuromuscular junction - muscle weakness (Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome)

8. Voltage-gated potassium channel on neurons - persistent muscular contraction (neuromyotonia), excessive sweating, sleep disorder, memory loss, hallucinations and delusions

9. Endothelial cells in skeletal muscle and dermis - skin rashes and muscle weakness with inflammation (dermatomyositis)

From the list above, it is not difficult to realize that manifestations of paraneoplastic neurological disorders vary from case to case and often mislead clinicians. Since circulating autoantibodies are often present in the serum of these patients, screening for them may occasionally be diagnostic. However, only a portion of targeted cells and proteins has been characterized so screening results are often false negative. Biopsy of tissue before death is often non-diagnostic since pathology is non-specific and often very focal. Often the final diagnosis is rendered by a complete autopsy. Fortunately, empiric (but expensive) therapy with plasmapheresis and/or IVIg may result in dramatic alleviation of the symptoms and, if implemented early, may even promise partial functional recovery. A high index of clinical suspicion, thorough oncologic workup, and complete resection, effective radiation therapy or chemotherapy of the cancer found often is curative for the associated paraneoplastic syndrome.

Ah, that accounts for it ！Thanks！

Photos uploaded in the first batch reflect the extent of inflammation in the central nervous system, and degeneration of the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system. Figures 1 and 6 show normal frontal lobe isocortex and normal cerebellar cortex (including intact Purkinje cells that often are targets of paraneoplastic or autoimmune encephalomyelitis) without inflammation. Figures 2-3 show perivascular inflammation and microglial nodules in transentorhinal cortex (medical temporal lobe) indicative of active mesial temporal encephalitis. Figures 4 and 6-11 show varying numbers of microglial nodules with or without neuronophagia in varying parts of the brainstem and cerebellum, indicative of active brainstem encephalitis and cerebellitis. Figures 12 shows degeneration (loss of blue myelin staining) of the posterior column of the spinal cord due to severe sensory polyneuropathy. Figure 13 shows relatively normal anterior spinal nerve root (motor), and Figure 14 shows the markedly degenerated posterior spinal nerve root (sensory). Note the abundant myelinated nerve fibers in the former and relatively few remaining myelinated nerve fibers in the latter.

Figures 15 and 16 show many small lymphocyte-like cells in the posterior root ganglia, suggestive of active ganglionitis, but immunohistochemical stain (not shown) shows these cells to be negative for CD45. Therefore, they probably represent satellite cells normally present around ganglion cells in dorsal root ganglia.

The four photos uploaded in the second batch are diagnostic of small cell carcinoma, most probably of pulmonary origin.

马老师译文如下： Sorry for this delayed follow-up. 抱欠，因随访延误回贴．At the autopsy, a 2 cm enlarged mediastinal lymph node was found. 尸检见纵隔有２cm肿大的淋巴结，No tumor was identified in both lungs or other organs. 肺和其它器官未见肿瘤生长，Figures 1 and 2 are H&E stained section of the enlarged mediastinal lymph node. 图１－２是纵隔肿大的淋巴结ＨＥ染色，Figure 3 is Cam5.2 immunostain, and figure 4 is synaptophysin immunostain. 图３是Cam5.2免疫组化，图４是synaptophysin免疫组化染色．With these additional findings, how would you explain the entire case? 加上这些图片，您考虑什么？请回答！

我也问马老师一个问题，第二次给的图片像是一个恶性肿瘤，根据您第一次给的图片敢诊断恶性肿瘤吗？那些箭头所指的是恶性细胞吗？

请马老师做最后分析．