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男,52岁,左侧鼻腔肿物。
大体:灰红灰白碎组织一堆,大小3cmx2cmx1cm,切面灰白灰红质中偏硬。
本例图片采用麦克奥迪MoticBA410显微镜+MoticPro285A摄像头采集制作。
点评专家:王曦(47楼 链接:>>点击查看<< )
获奖名单:xhyong(9楼 链接:>>点击查看<< )
诊断:(左侧鼻腔)低度恶性肌纤维母细胞肉瘤(又称:肌纤维肉瘤)
诊断依据:(1)患者成年男性,发生于头颈部左侧鼻腔;
(2)肿瘤呈条束状及席纹状排列,纺锤形的梭形细胞胞浆界限不清,呈嗜酸性;局部呈细长的波浪状;间质见明显的胶原纤维;部分区域细胞核呈空泡状,并可见小切迹。大部分区域肿瘤细胞有中-重度非典型性,核增大、深染、不规则,核分裂易见。
(3)局部可见粘液样间质,淋巴细胞及浆细胞浸润不明显。
免疫组化:AE1/AE3、Vimentin、Calponin、SMA、Actin、Desmin、Myo-D1、Myogenin、S-100、HMB-45、Ki-67
鉴别诊断:(1)去分化平滑肌肉瘤:发病部位不首先考虑,需询问临床有无平滑肌肉瘤的病史除外转移;
(2)粘液炎症性纤维母细胞肉瘤:多发生肢体末端,玻璃样带与粘液样带交替分布,常伴有高密度急慢性炎细胞浸润;SMA罕见表达。
(3)多形性的横纹肌肉瘤:多发生于四肢深部软组织内,免疫组化之少有一种骨骼肌标记物阳性表达;
(4)低度恶性的纤维粘液样肉瘤:多发生于年轻人,四肢末端;弓形血管可见;
(5)成人型纤维肉瘤:多发生于四肢及躯干,鱼骨样排列图像为典型特征,SMA一般情况下不表达;
(6)未分化高级别多形性肉瘤:多发生于四肢及腹膜后,多伴有炎细胞浸润及瘤巨细胞,免疫组化CD68表达;
(7)炎症性肌纤维细胞性肿瘤:多发生于年轻人,背景中有大量急慢性炎细胞浸润。
(8)恶性黑色素瘤及恶性上皮源性肿瘤:
1964599162 离线
My diagnosis: Leiomyosarcoma
I have to admit that I reached this diagnosis only after I viewed the IHC photos provided by the original hospital.
Here is how I “analyzed” this case (underscore indicates the key description words). Firstly, the patient is a 52 years old male, and the tumor is located in the submucosal of nasal cavity. It is a hypercellular spindle cell tumor, even though it is also highly pleomorphic in many areas. The tumor cells form long fascicles intersecting with each other in better differentiated areas (best viewed in photo 9), while this feature is not that obvious in highly pleomorphic areas. The distinct high power feature is abundant thick eosinophilic cytoplasm of the tumor cells, with active mitosis, including atypical mitosis. No significant inflammation (the focal scattered eosinophils might be related to the nasal location of the tumor), myxoid change or tumor necrosis identified. Importantly, as pointed out by many participants, the respiratory mucosa seems intact, with no squamous metaplasia or squamous cell carcinoma in situ identified. At this point, my differential diagnosis will be: 1. Sarcomatous (spindle cell) squamous cell carcinoma, which is not uncommon, especially in the head and neck area; 2. leiomyosarcoma, which is very uncommon for this location; 3. melanoma, which can be spindly and amelanotic. The IHC photos showed that the tumor cells are positive for SMA (diffuse, not “tram track” like) and vimentin, negative for cytokeratin, s-100, desmin and myoglobin. As the SMA is convincingly positive and other markers are negative, the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma is unavoidable.
A few comments about the immunohistochemistry in this situation: 1. I would apply a few more cytokeratin markers, such as high molecular weight cytokeratin and p63, and perform the stain on couple of blokes, for tumors like this, to avoid missing those focally cytokeratin positive sarcomatous carcinomas. 2. Leiomyosarcoma can be positive for cytokeratin (up to 40%, called anomalous expression), but is more often with CK8 and CK18, and with dot like pattern. It can also be focally s-100 positive. Fortunately, that is not the case here. Otherwise it could cause more confusion. 3. Desmin and caldesmon are smooth muscle markers, but their positivity is variable in leiomyosarcomas in different locations.
Please forgive me for not being able to discuss in detail on the other differential diagnoses listed by many participants. Briefly: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor will at least have more inflammation and myxoid changes; MPNST will have slender, wavy spindle cells with asymmetrical nuclei, and focal s-100 positivity; Rhabdomyosarcoma embryonal type (apparently this is not the alveolar type) should have the classical strap and racquet-shaped cells with cross striations, at least focally. Plus, the tumor is SMA (usually negative in skeletal muscle) positive, but desmin (sensitive for skeletal muscle, even in poorly differentiated rhabdomyosarcomas) and myoglobin negative (of course, it is better to use myogenin here); Pleomorphic sarcoma is a diagnosis of exclusion; The marked pleomorphism and active mitosis, especially the atypical mitosis will exclude the possibility of any benign/reactive process.
To my opinion, XHYong could be the price winner. His/Her differential diagnoses are more focused, and on the right track.
抛砖引玉
患者中老年男性、肿物位置为头颈部的鼻腔
镜下:肿物生长于粘膜下,细胞形态多样,梭形为主,异型显著。可见瘤巨细胞。
图17正中偏下一处,胞质橙色,规则排列的平行带状。
图21、23中可见包涵体
此外,尚可见部分体积相对小的细胞,胞质红染带“尾巴”,似蝌蚪状
综合上述情况
诊断:横纹肌肉瘤。至于是胚胎性,还是间变性,那是更高一级专家的事情了。
需做的免疫组化:desmin,myoglobin, MyoD1,myogenin,α-SMA
鉴别诊断:嗅母。需要加做NF,S-100,NSE等标记
恶性横纹肌样瘤:多出现在儿童的肾脏,加做vim,CK ,EMA
别忘记恶黑:加做HMB45,Melan-A以及上述S-100
开始第一眼时候,俺还想到了血管肉瘤,但后面没找到太多证据,但是加上个血管肉瘤的标记未尝不可
诊断:非色素型恶性黑色素瘤
形态学是多形性肉瘤的形态,胞浆很容易让人想到平滑肌、横纹肌肉瘤或MFH,可年龄是52岁,位置是鼻腔,平滑肌肉瘤和MFH好发于老年人,可在鼻腔发生相当罕见!横纹肌肉瘤本例可算作多形性了(如果真是横纹肌肉瘤的话),发生于鼻腔的大多数是幼儿、年轻人或成年人的胚横或腺泡状,多形性的也是罕见。所以除了这些考虑就要把恶黑(肉瘤样型)和肉瘤样癌排在前面了!本例粘膜很好,恶黑和梭形细胞癌均可以有未查见的表面溃疡或粘膜破损。肿瘤细胞梭形或圆形,八字核还是可见,异形性明显,所以恶黑是有必要考虑的,最重要的鉴别诊断就是梭形细胞癌,可以说仅凭形态学本例完全没办法完成任务。so……IHC:CKpan、P63、Vim、HMB45、Melan-A、S-100、MyoD1、Myogenin、Desmin、CD68、SMA
应王曦老师的要求,我对本例点评进行翻译,以下的翻译内容经王老师复查,感谢王老师对基层病理工作者的关怀!
我的诊断是:平滑肌肉瘤
不得不承认我是在看了原供片医院IHC图片后做出的诊断。
下面是我对这例的分析(关键词用下划线指示):首先,患者为52岁老年男性,肿瘤位于鼻腔粘膜下。该肿瘤为富于细胞的梭形细胞肿瘤,许多区域有高度异型性。在分化好的区域肿瘤细胞呈长束状互相交叉(图9易见),而这些特征在高度异型区域不明显。高倍镜下明显的特征是肿瘤细胞丰富的嗜酸性胞浆,分裂相活跃,包括非典型性核分裂相。没有明显的炎症(灶状散在嗜酸性粒细胞可能与肿瘤存在于鼻腔相关),粘液变或肿瘤坏死可见。重要的是,如许多参与者指出的,呼吸粘膜似乎完整,没有鳞化或鳞状细胞原位癌存在。根据这些特征我的鉴别诊断是,1 肉瘤样(梭形细胞)鳞状细胞癌,并不是不常见,特别是在头颈部;2 平滑肌肉瘤:在这个部位很少见;3 黑色素瘤:可以呈梭形、无黑色素。IHC图片示肿瘤细胞呈SMA阳性(弥漫性、不象“电车轨”样),Vim阳性;CK、S-100、desmin、myoglobin呈阴性。由于SMA明显的阳性,而其体标记呈阴性,故诊断平滑肌肉瘤不可避免。
关于免疫组化的一点评论:1 我将应用更多的CK标记,比如高分子CK和p63,并应用在多几个蜡块上,以避免漏CK灶状阳性的肉瘤样癌;2 平滑肌肉瘤也可以 CK阳性(超过40%,称为异常表达),但更常见于CK8和CD18,呈点状模式,S-100也可阳性,幸运的是该肿瘤这些标记都阴性,否则会更困难;3 Desmin和caldesmon是平滑肌标记,但其阳性率在不同部位的平滑肌肉瘤可不同。
请原谅我不能详细讨论其它参与者列出的鉴别诊断。简单地说,炎症性肌纤维母细胞瘤至少有更多的炎症和粘液样变;MPNST有细长、波浪状梭形细胞,核不对称,灶状s-100阳性;胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤:(显而易见,这不是腺泡型),应该有典型的带有横纹的带状和球拍样细胞,至少灶状存在。加之,肿瘤的SMA(通常骨骼肌呈阴性)阳性。而desmin(骨骼肌敏感,即便是低分化横纹肌肉瘤),myoglobin阴性(当然,这里用myogenin比较好)。多形性肉瘤是一排除性诊断。,显著的多形性和活跃的分裂相,特别是非典型性分裂相将排除良性/反应性病变。
我认为,XHYong为获奖者,他/她的鉴别诊断更集中,在正确的方向上
考虑诊断:
胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤(间变亚型);
诊断依据:
(1)临床资料:虽然头颈部横纹肌肉瘤儿童常见,但并不仅见于儿童。
(2)镜下观察:所提供图片,肿瘤位于粘膜下,无移行关系,表面粘膜完好,无异型增生改变;肿瘤由梭形及卵圆形细胞构成,成片状或束状分布,胞浆丰富嗜酸,核多形性明显,可见多核细胞及分裂相。
免疫组化:
Desmin,Myoglobin,
MyoD1, Myogenin等。
鉴别诊断:
(1)粘膜恶性黑色素瘤:S100,HMB45,MART-1;
(2)梭形细胞鳞状细胞癌:CK,P63,Vim;
(3)其他方向分化的肉瘤
(4)伴有非典型间质细胞的息肉
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