诊断:肾神经内分泌癌。
讨论:
肾神经内分泌肿瘤(Neuroendocrine Tumors - NETs)非常罕见。虽然第一例肾类癌的报告出现在40年前,但至今总共不到100例(1-9)。虽然已有报告这些肿瘤很少与神经内分泌症状,但由于这些病变罕见,临床表现仍然不太明确。这些肿瘤通常发病于四十岁到五十岁,男性和女性没有区别。最常见的症状是腹痛,腹部肿块,消瘦,和血尿。由于神经内分泌细胞曾没有在肾实质内发现过,诸多假设提出原发性肾神经内分泌肿瘤的起源。这些假设包括胚胎发育过程中埋陷的神经嵴细胞(10),原始全能干细胞神经内分泌的分化(11 -12),以及化生或畸胎上皮的内原有的神经内分泌细胞增生(13 -15)。最近的一项研究表明, 肾细胞系特异性转录因子配对盒基因2(PAX - 2)和配对盒基因8(PAX – 8)并不在肾类癌中表达。
跟在其他解剖部位的神经内分泌肿瘤一样,肾神经内分泌肿瘤可以有不同程度的神经内分泌分化[类癌,非典型类癌,小细胞癌(SCC),大细胞神经内分泌癌(LCNEC)]。肾类癌最常见,为低级别神经内分泌肿瘤,但临床可呈现进展性过程。跟其他解剖部位相似,肾脏小细胞癌和大细胞神经内分泌癌为高度侵略性,远处转移常见,预后极差。
肾类癌和小细胞癌各有自己的组织学特征,病例医生可基于形态学作出准确诊断。神经内分泌分化标记物的免疫染色可用来确认诊断。Synaptophysin是最敏感的神经内分泌分化标记物。也可用其他神经内分泌分化标记物如chromogranin和CD56,但较不敏感。 跟其他神经内分泌肿瘤相比, 大细胞神经内分泌癌较难以诊断,易与高级别肾细胞癌或尿道上皮癌混淆。意识到大细胞神经内分泌癌可发生于肾脏和认真取材可避免误诊。神经内分泌分化标记物的阳性免疫染色和CD10的阴性免疫染色倾向大细胞神经内分泌癌的诊断。
原发性肾神经内分泌肿瘤的主要治疗手段为手术完全切除,这通常可根治局部疾病。然而,小细胞癌和大细胞神经内分泌癌往往尺寸较大,并有肾外扩展,可能不适合完全切除。现在还没有针对局部晚期或转移性肾神经内分泌肿瘤综合治疗标准方案。远处转移的肾神经内分泌肿瘤可以采取放疗和化疗或姑息治疗。
REFERENCES:
- Gonzalez-Lois C, Madero S, Redondo P, Alonso I, Salas A, Angeles Montalban M. Small cell carcinoma of the kidney: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Laboratory Med 2001; 125: 796-8
- Majhail NS, Elson P, Bukowski RM. Therapy and outcome of small cell carcinoma of the kidney: Report of two cases and a systematic review of the literature. Cancer 2003; 97: 1436-41
- Kilicarsalan Akkaya B, Mustafa U, Esin O, Turker K, Gulten K. Primary small cell carcinoma of the kidney. Urol Oncol 2003; 21: 11-3
- Kim JH, Lee SH, Park J et al. Extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma: a single-institution experience. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2004; 34: 250-4
- Karadeniz-Bilgili MY, Semelka RC, Hyslop WB et al. MRI findings of primary small-cell carcinoma of kidney. Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 23: 515-7
- Chung CH, Park CY. Small cell carcinoma of the kidney. Korean J Intern Med 2006; 21: 191-3
- Romero FR, Rais-Bahrami S, Permpongkosol S, Fine SW, Kohanim S, Jarrett TW. Primary carcinoid tumors of the kidney. J Urol 2006; 176: 2359-66
- Lane BR, Jour G, Zhou M. Renal neuroendocrine tumors. Indian J Urol. 2009; 25 (2):155-60.
- Lane BR, Chery F, Jour G, Sercia L, Magi-Galluzzi C, Novick AC, Zhou M. Renal neuroendocrine tumours: a clinicopathological study. BJU Int. 2007; 100 (5):1030-5.
- Zak FG, Jindrak K and Capozzi F. Carcinoidal tumor of the kidney. Ultrastruct Pathol 1983; 4: pp 51 -59.
- Unger PD, Russel A and Thung SN et al. Primary renal carcinoid, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114: pp. 68-71.
- Krishnan B, Truong LD and Saleh G et al. Horseshoe kidney is associated with an increased relative risk of primary renal carcinoid tumor, J Urol 1997; 157: pp. 2059-2066.
- Kuroda N, Katto K and Tamura M et al. Carcinoid tumor of the renal pelvis: consideration on the histiogenesis, Pathol Int 2008; 58: pp. 51-54.
- Kim J and Suh K. Primary carcinoid tumor in a mature teratoma of the kidney: ultrasonographic and computer tomographic findings, J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: pp. 433-437.
- Quinchon JF, Aubert S, Biserte J, Lemaitre L, Gosselin B and Leroy X. Primary atypical carcinoid of the kidney: a classification is needed, Pathology 2003; 35: pp. 353-355.
- Jeung JA, Cao D, Selli BW, Clapp WL, Oliai BR, Parwani AV, Allan RW. Primary renal carcinoid tumors: clinicopathologic features of 9 cases with emphasis on novel immunohistochemical findings. Hum Pathol. 2011 Apr 13.
诊断:肾神经内分泌癌。
讨论:
肾神经内分泌肿瘤(Neuroendocrine Tumors - NETs)非常罕见。虽然第一例肾类癌的报告出现在40年前,但至今总共不到100例(1-9)。虽然已有报告这些肿瘤很少与神经内分泌症状,但由于这些病变罕见,临床表现仍然不太明确。这些肿瘤通常发病于四十岁到五十岁,男性和女性没有区别。最常见的症状是腹痛,腹部肿块,消瘦,和血尿。由于神经内分泌细胞曾没有在肾实质内发现过,诸多假设提出原发性肾神经内分泌肿瘤的起源。这些假设包括胚胎发育过程中埋陷的神经嵴细胞(10),原始全能干细胞神经内分泌的分化(11 -12),以及化生或畸胎上皮的内原有的神经内分泌细胞增生(13 -15)。最近的一项研究表明, 肾细胞系特异性转录因子配对盒基因2(PAX - 2)和配对盒基因8(PAX – 8)并不在肾类癌中表达。
跟在其他解剖部位的神经内分泌肿瘤一样,肾神经内分泌肿瘤可以有不同程度的神经内分泌分化[类癌,非典型类癌,小细胞癌(SCC),大细胞神经内分泌癌(LCNEC)]。肾类癌最常见,为低级别神经内分泌肿瘤,但临床可呈现进展性过程。跟其他解剖部位相似,肾脏小细胞癌和大细胞神经内分泌癌为高度侵略性,远处转移常见,预后极差。
肾类癌和小细胞癌各有自己的组织学特征,病例医生可基于形态学作出准确诊断。神经内分泌分化标记物的免疫染色可用来确认诊断。Synaptophysin是最敏感的神经内分泌分化标记物。也可用其他神经内分泌分化标记物如chromogranin和CD56,但较不敏感。 跟其他神经内分泌肿瘤相比, 大细胞神经内分泌癌较难以诊断,易与高级别肾细胞癌或尿道上皮癌混淆。意识到大细胞神经内分泌癌可发生于肾脏和认真取材可避免误诊。神经内分泌分化标记物的阳性免疫染色和CD10的阴性免疫染色倾向大细胞神经内分泌癌的诊断。
原发性肾神经内分泌肿瘤的主要治疗手段为手术完全切除,这通常可根治局部疾病。然而,小细胞癌和大细胞神经内分泌癌往往尺寸较大,并有肾外扩展,可能不适合完全切除。现在还没有针对局部晚期或转移性肾神经内分泌肿瘤综合治疗标准方案。远处转移的肾神经内分泌肿瘤可以采取放疗和化疗或姑息治疗。
REFERENCES:
- Gonzalez-Lois C, Madero S, Redondo P, Alonso I, Salas A, Angeles Montalban M. Small cell carcinoma of the kidney: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Laboratory Med 2001; 125: 796-8
- Majhail NS, Elson P, Bukowski RM. Therapy and outcome of small cell carcinoma of the kidney: Report of two cases and a systematic review of the literature. Cancer 2003; 97: 1436-41
- Kilicarsalan Akkaya B, Mustafa U, Esin O, Turker K, Gulten K. Primary small cell carcinoma of the kidney. Urol Oncol 2003; 21: 11-3
- Kim JH, Lee SH, Park J et al. Extrapulmonary small-cell carcinoma: a single-institution experience. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2004; 34: 250-4
- Karadeniz-Bilgili MY, Semelka RC, Hyslop WB et al. MRI findings of primary small-cell carcinoma of kidney. Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 23: 515-7
- Chung CH, Park CY. Small cell carcinoma of the kidney. Korean J Intern Med 2006; 21: 191-3
- Romero FR, Rais-Bahrami S, Permpongkosol S, Fine SW, Kohanim S, Jarrett TW. Primary carcinoid tumors of the kidney. J Urol 2006; 176: 2359-66
- Lane BR, Jour G, Zhou M. Renal neuroendocrine tumors. Indian J Urol. 2009; 25 (2):155-60.
- Lane BR, Chery F, Jour G, Sercia L, Magi-Galluzzi C, Novick AC, Zhou M. Renal neuroendocrine tumours: a clinicopathological study. BJU Int. 2007; 100 (5):1030-5.
- Zak FG, Jindrak K and Capozzi F. Carcinoidal tumor of the kidney. Ultrastruct Pathol 1983; 4: pp 51 -59.
- Unger PD, Russel A and Thung SN et al. Primary renal carcinoid, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114: pp. 68-71.
- Krishnan B, Truong LD and Saleh G et al. Horseshoe kidney is associated with an increased relative risk of primary renal carcinoid tumor, J Urol 1997; 157: pp. 2059-2066.
- Kuroda N, Katto K and Tamura M et al. Carcinoid tumor of the renal pelvis: consideration on the histiogenesis, Pathol Int 2008; 58: pp. 51-54.
- Kim J and Suh K. Primary carcinoid tumor in a mature teratoma of the kidney: ultrasonographic and computer tomographic findings, J Ultrasound Med 2004; 23: pp. 433-437.
- Quinchon JF, Aubert S, Biserte J, Lemaitre L, Gosselin B and Leroy X. Primary atypical carcinoid of the kidney: a classification is needed, Pathology 2003; 35: pp. 353-355.
- Jeung JA, Cao D, Selli BW, Clapp WL, Oliai BR, Parwani AV, Allan RW. Primary renal carcinoid tumors: clinicopathologic features of 9 cases with emphasis on novel immunohistochemical findings. Hum Pathol. 2011 Apr 13.