KEY WORDS:

Basic neuroanatomy 神经系统解剖基础 -
  dura 硬脑膜
  leptomeninges 软脑膜
  cerebrum 大脑
  hemisphere 大脑半球
  cortex 皮质
  gray matter 灰质
  white matter 白质
  deep gray matter 深灰质
  lateral ventricles 侧脑室
  third ventricle 第三脑室
  fourth ventricle 第四脑室
  choroid plexus 脉络丛
  frontal 额叶
  parietal 顶叶
  temporal 颞叶
  occipital 枕叶
  central sulcus 中央沟 (Rolandic sulcus)
  lateral fissure 侧裂 (Sylvian fissure)
  insula 岛叶
  hippocampus 海马
  corpus callosum 胼胝体
  centrum semiovale 半卵圆中央
  thalamus 丘脑
  basal ganglia 基底神经节
  caudate nucleus 尾状核
  putamen 壳核
  globus pallidus 苍白球
  hypothalamus 下丘脑
  sella turcica 蝶鞍
  suprasellar 鞍上
  optic nerve 视神经
  optic chiasm 视交叉
  cavernous sinus 海绵窦
  venous sinuses 静脉窦
  orbitofrontal 眶窝
  olfactory nerve 嗅神经
  olfactory bulb 嗅球
  olfactory tract 嗅束
  cerebellum 小脑
  vermis 蚓部
  brainstem 脑干
  midbrain 中脑
  pons 脑桥
  medulla oblongata 延髓
  spinal cord 脊髓
  anterior root (脊髓) 前根
  posterior root (脊髓) 后根
  posterior column 脊髓后索
  central canal 中央管
  conus medullaris 脊髓圆锥
  filum terminale 终丝
  vertebral canal 椎管
  vertebral foramen 椎孔
  cervical 颈部
  thoracic 胸部
  lumbar 腰部
  sacral 骶骨
  coccygeal 尾骨的 
CT (computerized tomography)
MRI (magnetic resonance image)
Central nervous system = CNS 中枢神经系统
Intra-axial 髓内
Extra-axial 髓外
Contrast (gadolinium) enhancement 对比增强
Ring enhancement 环形增强
Edema 水肿
Mass effect 肿块效应
Circumscribed 界限清楚
Infiltrative 浸润性
Hemorrhage 出血
Classification 分类
Grade 分级
Glioma 胶质瘤
Astrocytoma 星形细胞瘤
Diffuse infiltrating astrocytoma 弥漫性浸润性星形细胞瘤
WHO = World Health Organization 世界卫生组织
IARC = International Agency for Research on Cancer 国际癌症研究协会
Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota, USA) and Dr. Bernd Scheithauer
Sainte Anne Centre Hospital (Paris, France) and Professor Catherine Daumas-Duport
AMEN - (nuclear) Atypia (核) 非典型

            Mitosis 分裂像

            Endothelial/vascular proliferation 血管内皮增生

            (tumor) Necrosis (肿瘤) 坏死
Prognosis 预后
Survival 存活率
Etiology 病因学
Radiation 放射治疗
Genetic mutation 基因突变

Tumor suppressor gene

Tumor promoting gene
Syndrome 症状
Histology or histopathology 组织学 或 病理组织学
Hypercellularity 富于细胞
Diffuse astrocytoma 弥漫性星形细胞瘤 = well differentiated astrocytoma 分化良好的星形细胞瘤 (WHO grade II 二级)
Anaplasia 间变 = loss of normal cellular differentiation 失去正常细胞的分化
Anaplastic astrocytoma 间变性星形细胞瘤 = malignant astrocytoma 恶性星形细胞瘤 (WHO grade III 三级)
Glioblastoma 胶质母细胞瘤 = glioblastoma multiforme 多型性胶质母细胞瘤 (WHO grade IV 四级)
Recurrence 复发
Malignant transformation 恶变
Primary 原发
Secondary 继发
Glioblastoma 胶质母细胞瘤
Gliosarcoma 胶质肉瘤 (WHO grade IV 四级)
Radiotherapy 放疗
Chemotherapy 化疗
Pleomorphic 多形性 versus 与 polymorphous 多样性

Storiform pattern

 

REFERENCES:

1. Daumas-Duport C, Scheithauer B, O'Fallon J, and Kelly P: Grading of astrocytomas. A simple and reproducible method. Cancer 1988; 62(10): 2152-65.

2. Kleihues P and Cavenee WK, editors. WHO classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics of tumors of the nervous system. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Press 2000, Lyon, France.

3. Daumas-Duport's recorded lecture on grading system for adult gliomas (in French) at http://anocef.unice.fr/daumasduport1.html

4. Grading atlas on the internet at http://anocef.unice.fr/atlasneuro/en/frameindex.html

5. Images of astrocytomas on the internet at http://www.gfmer.ch/selected_images_v2/level2.php?cat1=3&cat2=130&stype=n

6. Ding H, et al: A review of astrocytoma models. 2000; 8(4): article 1. at http://www.aans.org/education/journal/neurosurgical/apr00/8-4-1.pdf

7. Brat DJ and Van Meir EG: Glomeruloid microvascular proliferation orchestrated by VPF/VEGF. Am J Pathol 2001; 158(3): 789-96. at http://ajp.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/full/amjpathol;158/3/789