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郑风田 中国人民大学 爱开夜车的人很多,包括各位熬夜写博客的博友们,以后可得小心了,近期欧美对熬夜与致癌的研究结论挺吓人的,得出结论说“经常熬夜要致癌”,这还得了。不过也不要害怕,如果偶尔耗一下估计没问题,最要命的是那些为了生计必须经常熬夜值班的同志,如果连续出现值十年二十年夜班的经历,那可得小心了。 被迫熬夜值班者数量还真不少,据统计欧洲和美国有多达五分之一雇员轮班工作,在医疗、制造、矿业、交通、通信和娱乐住宿行业,30% 美联社、CNN、金融时报等欧美主流报纸近年来都登出“夜班致癌”的研究新闻,挺吓人的,值夜班可能致癌。连主管健康的全球最高管理机构世界卫生组织也这么讲了,看来可信度比较大。 据英国《金融时报》 2009-03-27 包括荷兰、比利时和英国等其它欧洲国家也在研究夜班工作与乳癌之间的关联,芬兰癌症协会(Cancer Society of Finland) 上夜班男女两种癌症的发病率较高。 美国康涅狄格大学健康中心癌症流行病学专家理查德·史蒂文斯是最早关注通宵夜班与癌症关系的科学家之一。1987 史蒂文斯的这一推断一度令不少科学家不可思议,但近些年来的一些研究发现证实了他的结论,常年值夜班的女性确实比不值者更易患上乳腺癌。对动物实验进行的实验也显示,日夜颠倒使动物也出现异常,更容易患上癌症,更容易早死。而另外一些研究还显示,值夜班的男性前列腺癌的发病率也相对较高。 熬夜为什么致癌? 世界卫生组织的专家认为,值夜班的女性患癌几率更高是因为人体褪黑激素的分泌有关。夜班打乱了人体正常的生物钟,因为本来应该睡觉的时候却在工作,而人体内可以抑制肿瘤的褪黑激素一般会在夜间分泌,灯光会抑制褪黑激素分泌。裉黑激素在预防癌症方面似乎扮有重要作用,已有的研究使科学家相信,褪黑激素水平过低会增加癌症发病风险。也有些研究说相对较高的癌症发病率并不能证明通宵上班“引发”癌症,但科学家们怀疑,值夜班打乱了人体生物钟,而褪黑激素一般在夜间分泌。 另外,熬夜使睡眠不足,使人体免疫系统受到侵害,抗击病毒的能力下降。生物钟紊乱也会影响人体的修复机能,很多研究表明晚上睡觉的时间是人体进行修复的重要阶段,而长期“黑白颠倒”的生活,会使人体生命节律发生紊乱,内分泌系统功能失调,从而诱发癌症。 目前的研究结论也不板上订钉了,还存在不确定性,目前还有不同的声音。 美国癌症学会在描述夜班与癌症发病的关系时,多用“不确定”、“存在争议”、“未得到证实”等措辞。澳大利亚国家乳癌与卵巢癌中心(NBOCC) 有没有办法去提前预防躲过这个劫?如何弥补? 体外补充不好。既然褪黑激素水平过低会增加癌症发病风险,是不是可以通过从体外补充就可以了?专家并不建议长期这么做,因为这将损害人体的自然分泌能力。 下夜班后要呆在黑暗房间睡觉。另外一个建议是史蒂文斯给的,熬夜值班者下班后要呆在黑暗的房间里睡觉,这样做对身体很重要,尊重黑与亮的平衡,熬夜值班者要多在黑暗中睡觉补过来夜晚不睡觉的损失。 工作时有红色灯光?还有一些公司正在尝试不同灯光,以找到不影响褪黑激素分泌的灯光类型。对裉黑激素分泌影响最小的是红色灯光,但又有谁老是愿意在红色灯光下工作? 目前部分欧洲国家已开始对因熬夜值班致癌者发放巨额补偿,另外是不是以后熬夜值班的同志补贴得长几倍了? 据《金融时报》报道,“丹麦国家伤害委员会(National Injuries Board) 丹麦国家伤害委员会去年研究了75 “结果显示,乳腺癌和上夜班之间很可能有关系,所以我们决定对此做出反应。”丹麦产业事故全国委员会的布鲁克索说。38 丹麦护士组织(Danish Nurses' Organisation) 目前,只有上夜班超过20 双乳都出现肿瘤的乌拉·曼科夫女士是获丹麦政府赔偿的乳癌患者之一,她曾任北欧航空公司空姐30 对公司来讲该需要调整计划安排了,尽量减少夜班的安排,或者固定夜班? 面对巨额赔偿支付,不少丹麦公司开始调整相关政策。如北欧主要航空公司SAS 春风啥时也刮到中国大批的熬夜值班群体来? 目前我国这方面的研究大大滞后,比如我国近年来女性乳腺癌大幅度飙升,但究竟是什么原因一直没有得到很好的研究。男性前列腺癌发病率也是上升得惊人。目前的新医改方案已通过,但是不是也得多增加点医学研究拨款?把这些相关重大问题进行好好的研究? 另外更重要的是,国家应该出台相应的政策,也那些公司尽量能够从人性角度,减少不必要的熬夜值班现象。实在是必需熬夜值班,也要大幅度提高熬夜值班的补贴津贴。真要是不幸因此而得癌了,必须进行大幅度地补偿,以此遏制不少公司乱开二十四小时营业先例而不顾及员工健康。 (编译者郑风田为中国人民大学教授) (CNN) -- Employers in Denmark have started paying compensation to women who have developed breast cancer after working night shifts. Studies have shown that nurses working night shifts have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Thirty-eight eight women have so far received payments via their employers' insurance companies, the Danish National Board of Industrial Injuries told CNN. To qualify for compensation, women must have developed breast cancer after having worked at least one night shift a week for 20 to 30 years. The amount of compensation depends on the severity of claimants' illness and their ability to work. The move came after the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization, concluded that night work is "probably carcinogenic to humans," in October 2007. Ulla Mahnkopf developed breast cancer after 30 years working as a flight attendant for SAS, a job where night shifts were the norm. She told the BBC that had she known the effects of night working she wouldn't have flown for so many years. The IARC classifies the cancer risk of night work as "Group 2A" -- the same as using sun beds -- and just one group below confirmed carcinogens like asbestos and mustard gas. The IARC reviewed published scientific literature and found that long-term night workers have an increased risk of breast cancer. Dr Vincent Cogliano, Head of the IARC Monographs Program, told CNN that the evidence in humans is limited to breast cancer because researchers have historically studied nurses and flight attendants. Cogliano said he would like to see studies carried out on different types of workers in other industrial settings. He added that the human studies are consistent with laboratory research that exposes animals to changing patterns of light and dark to mimic the conditions of humans working at night. Don't Miss It is thought that night work can disrupt the circadian system, which can alter sleep patterns, suppress melatonin production, and affect genes involved in tumor development. "This is a very important topic and it needs more research," said Cogliano. "Working at night or disrupting your sleep cycle is a widespread phenomenon and it is important to understand the health implications. There could be other cancers or other health implications involved." Those most likely to do night shifts are those working in the health-care industry, hospitality, industrial manufacturing, news media and security workers. |